It promotes group harmony and working together to attain a goal. This crystal is extremely rare and has a mining process, unlike any other stone. These mountains border China and Pakistan, with the stone itself only found on the Pakistan side to date. It facilitates sharing with others at the deepest level, understanding others' points of view, although not necessarily embracing it. K2, also known as K2 Granite and Raindrop Azurite, is a unique stone found only in the snowy peaks of the second-highest mountain in the world, K-2. It promotes dreams and dream recall while protecting you from nightmares and night terrors as you explore other realms in your dream world. It helps you stay grounded while exploring your spirituality and expanding your consciousness. It clears psychic blockages and prohibitions. The mix of Quartz and Azurite heightens our psychic abilities and unblocks clairvoyance, clairaudience and claircognizance. It facilitates soul retrieval and past life readings. K2 Stone is good for connecting with the past, past lives, and Akashic records. It is a crystal of peace and reconciliation, inner and outer. It is good for decision making and communication, being a part of groups and teams, relating to crystal and indigo children. It is a balancing, centering stone good for empathy, emotional control, and compassion. We source ethically! We make sure that factory workers have safe conditions and are paid fairly.K2 Stone is a crystal that keeps your feet on the ground. It is a rare stone that increases metaphysical community. Lapidary polishes the stones and sells directly to Moon Mountain Gems K2 Metaphysical Healing Properties: K2 is a spiritually awakening stone that allows you to increase your intuition and to tune in and accept spiritual. Miners sell the raw stones to a lapidary.Ģ. If you have any questions, feel free to message me.ġ. Learn all about the crystal meaning of Lepidolite, what mineral Lepidolite Mica is made of, the history of Lepidolite, and its use as a purple gemstone. Once you place your order you will leave a note at checkout that says you would like to select your cabs, or you can contact us before placing the order.Įach order is packaged with love and care. See 1 K2 Jasper product in our online catalog: Physical and Metaphysical Properties for Tumbled K2 Jasper: PROPERTIES FOR STONE OR CRYSTAL: Crystal Name: K2 Jasper: Alternate Stone Name: K2 Granite, Raindrop Azurite: Pronunciation: k-too jas-pir: CRYSTAL MEANING: 3 Word Summary: Grounding, Balance, Communication: Affirmation: I am balanced and. If you wish to select your own cabs, expect to add days onto the shipping time. You can requests to have smaller or larger cabs (just make a note to the seller at checkout). Science & Origin of K2K2, also known as K2 Granite and Raindrop Azurite. This is a bulk listing, meaning, we will hand select you beautiful cabs. K2 Meanings, Zodiacs, Planets, Elements, Colors, Chakras, and more. Refer to the second picture for an example of a 25g lot.Īverage dimensions: 2.5cm - 6cm (this is at the longest point length). K2 Jasper Freeform Adhesive was used to stand up freeform Primary Stone: K2 Jasper Alternate Names: K2, K2 Granite Colors Present: Egg Shell White with. With the 25g size option you will receive 2-5 cabs (depending on size). Refer to the third picture for this option. The price per gram also goes down when buying in bulk. Picture-Jasper will also give you a sense of security and stability. The 100 gram option is a bulk listing and you will get a good amount of cabs. The energies of Picture-Jasper will show you how you can control your urges and stop being reckless with your decisions. Use the drop down to choose your size in grams. Its balancing effects on the energetic level helps balance the electrolyte and mineral content of the body. By allowing energy to flow it helps release tensions, and pains in the body. It bridges the gap between Crown and Throat Chakra and. Kiwi Jasper is a great overall healing stone because it has the capacity to open up a persons heart and harmonize the vibration of the body. Some people will use cabs as worry stones or pocket stones (just like tumbles). K2 Jasper Meaning + Metaphysical Abilities: K2 Jasper works extremely well with the Third Eye Chakra. The fronts are polished and the backs are cut flat (but not polished). K2 Jasper also speaks to the physical area of the Third Eye and is said to relieve headaches, migraines, and bring stress relief. This listing is for one (1) K2 jasper cabochon.Ĭabochons are usually used in making jewelry.
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It is best to have these elements in place before introducing initiatives that foster shared leadership. Shared leadership works best when teams have a Vertical leadership does not need to be discarded and shared leadership can improve the internal processes within a team (Carson et al., 2007). Organizations can utilize shared leadership principles within teams, either with a designated formal leader or in teams without a designated leader (Carson et al., 2007). Interventions to encourage shared leadership are most effective when organizations are utilizing teams to achieve organizational objectives (Carson et al., 2007). Voice occurs when the team places value and importance on each team member’s contribution (Carson et al., 2007). The final cornerstone of voice is the ability of each team members to provide input to the team process. Voice: Appreciate each team member's contribution In showing social support, team members provide emotional support to each other through showing encouragement or recognizing each team member’s individual contributions. Social support: Provide emotional support to each other In fostering a shared purpose, team members understand and appreciate the main objectives of the team project and ensure that the team focuses on collective goals. Shared purpose: Understand and appreciate collective goals These three dimensions are the cornerstones of shared leadership. The concept of shared leadership focuses on the idea that tasks are shared through a team environment that relies on (Carson, 2007) What are the cornerstones of shared leadership? One such term is distributed leadership, which is sometimes used interchangeably with shared leadership however, although there has been some contention regarding the different terms, both types of leadership have the same core components (Northouse, 2007). Along with this attention, a variety of terms has been utilized to describe the process. The notion that leadership arises from group cognitions, interactions and behaviors rather than through a formally appointed leader has attracted attention from scholars and professionals. Shared leadership and distributed leadership have the same core components Shared leadership occurs when a group of individuals lead each other to achieve successful outcomes (Carson, Tesluk, & Marrone, 2007). It is important to distinguish shared leadership from team leadership because shared leadership describes how team members influence each other and share responsibility for tasks, rather than the concept of a team being led by a specific leader. However, the concept of sharing power and influence among a number of individuals emerged through organizational efforts to manage individuals in teams and also through a focus on self-leadership whereby individuals ‘lead others to lead themselves’ (Cox & Sims, 1996). The early roots of shared leadership can be seen as early as the Roman Empire, whereby a group of individuals shared power through the Senate. Shared leadership occurs when two or more members engage in the leadership of the team in an effort to influence and direct fellow members to maximize team effectiveness (Bergman, Rentsch, Small, Davenport & Bergman, 2012). A most recent description captures the essence of how leaders and followers work together on projects: There are several definitions of shared leadership. Likewise, as iPhone becomes a mature product, it's the iPhone - and the iPad, Mac, Apple Watch, and Apple TV - ecosystems that become growth markets for Apple.Ī modern AirPort that once again becomes extreme, this time with the use of mesh networking and strong ties into Apple's own services, does just that. De eerste versie kwam uit in het begin van 2003. Some people prefer Apple's technology and the company's stance on privacy. Testing conducted by Apple in May 2022 using preproduction 13inch MacBook Pro systems with Apple M2, 8core CPU, 10core GPU, 8GB of RAM, and 256GB SSD. De AirPort Extreme is een router van het Amerikaanse elektronicabedrijf Apple. AirPort Extreme allows data transfer of up to 54 Mbit/s, and is. Not everyone wants the internet on Google's golden highway, though. 150 at Amazon The Good Apple's new compact and beautiful AirPort Extreme Base Station supports 802.11ac Wi-Fi, is easy to use, and offers solid performance. introduced AirPort Extreme, based on the 802.11g specification. Google is making Google Wifi for the same reason they made Chrome and Google DNS - to accelerate people onto the internet and into Google services. Or Maybe Apple could do all three - simple router, next-generation Time Capsule, and full-on Apple Home hub with speaker - and you get what you need, when you need it, and expand it all as needed. Maybe Apple could give it a bunch of beam-forming mics, build in a multi-personal Siri, and make it a full on HomeKit hub? Apple formally announced its exit from the Wi-Fi router industry today (April 26) and discontinued its existing routers: the AirPort Express, AirPort Extreme base stations and AirPort Time Capsule. Maybe Apple wants to add some smarts to the router? Let it cache macOS and iOS updates, iCloud files and photos, and otherwise add some and nearline to Apple's online services? A next-generation Time Capsule that gives the best of local and off-site backup? Also, Apple just added that big SONOS showcase at Apple Retail. Maybe Apple wants to do more - their own line of Beats or Apple-branded SONOS-style speakers that also let devices connect to the internet? But then it would need to be a high-quality speaker and that adds to the cost. You should now see the router login page with 2 text. Now that fast Wi-Fi networking really is ubiquitous, though, maybe Apple's happy to let others, like Amplifi, eero, and Google Wifi lead the way? To login to Apple AirPort Express Router, Open your web browser and type the default IP Address 10.0. Maybe Apple felt they needed to help jumpstart Wi-Fi routers back when they made the first wireless Macs, and had to keep pushing the technology as it got faster and more robust. To access and use all the features of Apple Card, you must add Apple Card to Wallet on an iPhone or iPad with the latest version of iOS or iPadOS. It's been three years since Apple updated the AirPort line, and it's starting to show. Plug a new AirPort in, the AirPort app for iOS or macOS detects it, you tap or click to add it, you're mesh network expands, and you're done. Sadly, the Airport firmware can not be upgraded to activate OpenVPN integration throughout your entire network due to Apple’s closed networking software and system.What if, instead, Apple got into the mesh networking game? You could get a single AirPort - or a Time Capsule, because they're handy enough I'd still want that around - and then simply add more if and when you need them. AirPort Utility for iOS available for free download Bonjour for Windows available for free download Interfaces Simultaneous dual-band 802. Whether using Apple, Linux, Android, or a Roku, open-source firmware supports them all.
from the menu to modify this default choice (feature not available in Online version), as well as the scale of the printed plan, the header and the footer, as shown in figure 23. SketchUp is one of the best software for creating realistic 3D models, which allows one to create complex and detailed diagrams and designs. By default, Sweet Home 3D prints the furniture list, the plan and the current 3D view of home, using default paper size, margins and orientation. The tool Sweet Home 3D enables the users to create photorealistic images and videos of the entire layout and also generate blueprints. Sweet Home 3D is an open-source CAD program that allows users to make a realistic 3D model of a home, with a fully 3D preview and decorate both interior and exterior view. and moving majestically along the shores of the island. The virtual visitor options give users a parallel 3D view of the created design. Good wife, you're deceiv'd I'm still far from my home : Go, sleep, my dear Maggy - to. Users can quickly draw various dimensions using the mouse or a keyboard and add a variety of furniture from options in available catalogs. The user interface is easy and supports more than 27 major languages. It has an open-source that allows users to make modifications to the codes as well as available features of the application. Sweet Home 3D can be used either as an application that can be instantly installed on devices and used offline or directly from the web browser. Users can draw a plan for their house, arrange furniture, change textures, and try various combinations on the walls. Sweet Home 3D is an online application that allows users to design and plan the interiors of their beautiful home at no cost. The tool will create a 2D or a 3D image of the plan or camera angle instantly and export it easily in different formats like full HD, interactive 3D, or even photorealistic image.show more Users can set camera angles, move furniture in 3D, adjust lighting, and do much more. Floorplanner allows the user to see their plans in 3D in just a single click, hence making it easy to view their projects in a 3D perspective or from a first-person perspective. The users can also use the Magic Layout option to give a full-room layout in a single click. The tool’s in-built library consists of over 15,000 items that the users can use to decorate their creations. Floorplanner’s in-built editor is such that it gives new users quick results while allowing advanced users to be more productive. The drag-and-drop interface works smoothly in any browser. The tool allows the user to quickly draw their plans from scratch or work upon an existing drawing. The designs can be saved locally as native SKP file or you may export them as an STL file.show moreįloorplanner is a tool that helps simply create accurate floor plans in a browser. Trimble Connect is used to host the 3d models online and it supports collaborative editing and sharing in real-time. SketchUp Make is the freeware version and SketchUp Pro is the paid version of SketchUp 3d software. The software features a digital library of free model assemblies and a 3D warehouse. This software finds extensive application in fields like civil and mechanical engineering, interior design, video game design, landscape architecture, film etc. SketchUp browser-based 3D modeling software is popular for both its impressive usability as well as its functionality. Staff Writers: August Brown, Kenan Draughorne Staff Writers: Mark Olsen, Josh Rottenberg, Jen Yamato Staff Writers: Marissa Evans, Sonaiya Kelley, Matt Pearce Games, Immersive Entertainment Critic: Todd Martens Staff Writers: Stephen Battaglio, Brian Contreras, Meg James, Wendy Lee, Sarah Parvini, Stacy PermanĬulture Columnist and Critic: Mary McNamara Investigations and Company Town Editor: Richard Verrier Staff Writers: Jessica Gelt, Deborah Vankin, Steven Vargas Staff Writers: Taryn Luna, Mackenzie Mays, Seema Mehta, Benjamin Oreskes, Hannah Wiley, Queenie Wongĭeputy Editors: Matt Brennan, Nate Jackson, Maane Khatchatourianĭepartment Administrator: Elena VillanuevaĪrts and Design Columnist: Carolina A. Housing, Homelessness and Commercial Real Estate Southern California Environment: Louis Sahagún Los Angeles Unified School District: Howard BlumeĪir Quality and Environmental Health: Tony Briscoe Higher Education, University of California: Teresa Watanabe Higher Education, California State University and Community Colleges: Debbie Truong Los Angeles Police Department: Libor Jany Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department: Keri Blakinger Legal Affairs, California Supreme Court, 9th Circuit Court of Appeals: Kevin Rector Los Angeles County: Jaclyn Cosgrove, Rebecca Ellis Los Angeles City Hall: Dakota Smith, Julia Wick, David Zahniser Transportation and Mobility: Rachel Uranga Orange County: Hannah Fry, Gabriel San Román Investigations: Jack Dolan, Matt Hamilton, Laura J. General Assignment: Hailey Branson-Potts, Brittny Mejia, Colleen Shalby, Sonja Sharp SmithĪsian American Issues and Communities: Jeong Parkįeatures and Investigations: Daniel Miller Sacramento Bureau Chief: Laurel RosenhallĪssistant Editors: Keegan Hamilton, Karen Kaplan, Monte Morin, Joe Mozingo, Phil WillonĬolumnists: Gustavo Arellano, Sandy Banks, Anita Chabria, Steve Lopez, Frank Shyong, George Skelton, Erika D. Deputy Managing Editor, California and Metro: Hector BecerraĪssistant Managing Editor, California Projects and Innovation: Steve Clowĭeputy Editors: Cindy Chang, Stephanie Chavez Wearing sunglasses with both UVA and UVB protection effectively reduces sun-induced eye damage. The midday Sun can be dangerous due to its intense radiation always find shade and reduce exposure. Note: The UV index of 5 during July translates into the following guidance:Įnsure safety - Imperative it is to shield skin and eyes from damage. A UV Index reading of 3 to 5 represents a medium health hazard from exposure to the Sun's UV rays for average individuals. UV indexThe months with the highest UV index are June through August, with an average maximum UV index of 5. SunshineIn July, the average sunshine in Bar Harbor is 9.6h. On the last day of July, sunrise is at 5:18 am and sunset at 7:59 pm EDT. On the first day of the month, sunrise is at 4:52 am and sunset at 8:21 pm. DaylightIn Bar Harbor, the average length of the day in July is 15h and 8min. Especially when temperatures go below 50☏, leading to hyperventilation. Note: Unprotected swimming in 54.7☏ is dangerous due to potential cold shock. Ocean temperatureIn July, the average ocean temperature in Bar Harbor is 54.7☏. SnowfallJune through September are months without snowfall. RainfallThe month with the least rainfall in Bar Harbor is July, when the rain falls for 13 days and typically collects 1.57" of precipitation. This isn’t to say you won’t ever get temperatures upwards of 90 100 F throughout Maineit happens, along with humidity. Bar Harbor, August, has days with highs of 71☏ (22☌) and lows of 60☏ (15☌). October for a typical day ranges from a high of 57☏ (14☌) to a low of 47☏ (8☌).Some would describe it as moderately chilly with a gentle breeze.For comparison, the hottest month in. HumidityIn July, the average relative humidity in Bar Harbor is 80%. Key findings The highest monthly average temperature in Bar Harbor for July is 66.8 degrees The lowest monthly average temperature in Bar Harbor for January is 23.9 degrees The most monthly precipitation in Bar Harbor occurs in October with 7. In July and August, summer is in full swing and temperatures generally range from 60 80 F during the day in Bangor, Bar Harbor, and Portland, and are slightly cooler farther north and west in the state. The average temperature in Bar Harbor in. July witnesses an average nighttime temperature of 58.1☏ in Bar Harbor. TemperatureThe transition from June to July brings a subtle temperature rise, with average high-temperatures increasing from a comfortable 66☏ to an agreeable 73.2☏. July in Bar Harbor, Maine, is an agreeable summer month, with temperature in the range of an average low of 58.1☏ and an average high of 73.2☏. Most of the time any enterprise that has a large economic effect, or that moves substantial amounts of money, goods, or people from one state to another, will meet this requirement. In order to be prosecuted under the federal law (a jurisdictional requirement), RICO violations must involve or have some impact on interstate commerce (conducting business across state lines). Even a defendant who merely carried out orders, such as a mid-level drug dealer in a cartel, can be shown to have had control as long as the defendant acted with some discretion (decision-making power), such as by setting prices. Prosecutors do this by showing that a defendant had some level of control or investment in the criminal enterprise. The prosecutor must also prove that the defendant participated in the operation, management, or conduct of the enterprise. However, an association of businesspeople that met regularly and worked together for many years to, among other things, bribe several public officials in order to receive favorable city contracts, would probably be considered a criminal enterprise.Ĭonnection to the enterprise. For example, two criminals who came together one time to commit a kidnapping would not be considered a criminal enterprise. The enterprise's purpose may be valid and legal, or it may only have an illegal purpose. exist separate and apart from the members' criminal activity.be an ongoing organization that functions as a unit.To constitute a criminal enterprise, the group must: Under RICO, a criminal enterprise may be a distinct legal entity (such as a corporation, partnership, or union) or merely a group of individuals working together informally (such as a criminal gang). Several bank robberies committed over a period of months by the same people, using the same method, do show a pattern. For example, one bank robbery, even if committed by a group of robbers, does not show a pattern. Proof of a pattern can often be shown based on the number and variety of acts, the length of time at issue, the number of victims and perpetrators, and the nature, complexity, and number of schemes. In order for a pattern to exist, the predicate crimes must be related and show that the defendants did not merely commit one crime or unrelated, separate crimes but rather ongoing criminal activity. In a RICO prosecution, the government must prove that the defendants engaged in a pattern of at least two or more predicate crimes committed within ten years of each other. The underlying crimes that make up a racketeering activity are known as predicate crimes, which can include everything from violent crimes (such as murder, kidnapping, and robbery) to drug crimes, gambling, bribery, mail fraud, money laundering, forgery, and embezzlement. RICO targets a group's multiple instances of criminal wrongdoing-referred to in the law as a "pattern of racketeering activity." What Is a Pattern of Racketeering Activity? Below we'll discuss these elements in more detail. The key elements under RICO involve: (1) engaging in a pattern of racketeering activity (2) as part of, or in association with, a criminal enterprise that (3) affects interstate commerce. RICO prohibits several types of criminal activities. Federal Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Law The law permits both criminal prosecutions, which can include penalties of prison, fines, and forfeiture, as well as civil lawsuits, which involve monetary damages. RICO allows prosecutors to bring all of an organization or enterprise's different criminal acts together in a single prosecution. Prosecutors have used RICO to reduce organized crime and to fight white-collar crime, fraud, political corruption, and even college admission scandals. This law targets not only organized crime (like the Mafia) but also otherwise legitimate businesses or associations engaged in ongoing, coordinated criminal activity (such as insider trading). The federal RICO law lists dozens of crimes that can make up illegal racketeering activity, from murder to bribery. Rather, it refers to a series of organized illegal activities of a criminal operation. This article will discuss what activities are illegal under the federal RICO law and the penalties for this criminal behavior. Many states also have their own RICO laws. RICO makes it a federal crime to participate in or make money from racketeering. In order to make it easier to prosecute organized crime, in 1970, Congress passed the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) law. In order to unlock these characters, you’ll need to enter a special code. There are a total of 31 unlockable characters in the game, including some iconic ones like Luke Skywalker, Darth Vader, and Yoda. One of the main goals of Angry Birds Star Wars is to unlock all of the characters. While the game is fairly simple, it can be quite addicting. The game features characters from the popular movie franchise and pits them against each other in a battle to save the galaxy. The Angry Birds Star Wars unlock code is a great way to get the most out of the game.Īngry Birds Star Wars is one of the most popular games on the market today. Once the code is entered, you will have access to all of the game’s levels, characters, and features. The code is found on the back of the game’s packaging, and it can also be purchased online.
United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres is still waiting for a response from Russian President Vladimir Putin on a proposal to extend a deal allowing Ukraine grain exports safe passage through the Black Sea corridor, a U.N. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said in his daily address Saturday, “The Russian forces on our southern and eastern lands are investing everything they can to stop our warriors.” He said, “Everyone who goes on the offensive, everyone who repels enemy attacks, are doing a great job, and I am grateful to each of our warriors.” The European Commission has proposed increasing the EU's budget until 2027 by $74.11 billion. European Union finance ministers on Friday unanimously backed extra funds for Ukraine. The ministry added, though, there's "a realistic possibility that internal security concerns, since Wagner Group's attempted mutiny, have contributed to the decision." Petersburg on July 30 is "likely primarily due to" maintenance and availability concerns. The British Defense Ministry said Friday that Russia's recent announcement that its nuclear-powered submarines will not participate in the Navy Day fleet review in St.Our fact-check work is supported in part by a grant from Facebook. Thank you for supporting our journalism. YouD can subscribe to our print edition, ad-free app or electronic newspaper replica here. 5, Fact check: Video claims to show a Russian nuclear submarine in Hawaii 29, 2022, Putin oversees commissioning of new Russian navy warships 9, SSBN Borei Class Nuclear-Powered Submarines KHON2, May 1, 2022, Military tracks Russian vessel near Hawaii.28, 2020, Hawaii Five-0 Canceled After 10 Seasons USA TODAY reached out to the social media user who shared the post for comment.Ĭheck Your Fact also debunked the claim. Russian President Vladimir Putin recently oversaw the commissioning of several new warships, including a nuclear submarine, the sixth submarine of the new Borei class to join the Russian navy, according to the Associated Press. military reported that it was tracking a "Russian surface vessel operating in international waters in the vicinity of Hawaii," according to KHON2, which cited a statement from U.S. While the video in the post doesn't show a Russian submarine near Hawaii, Russian ships have previously been detected in the region. Indo-Pacific Command, which is based in Hawaii, hasn't released any information about a Russian submarine being seen off the coast of Hawaii, nor are there any credible news reports of such an event.įact check: War in Ukraine continues, contrary to post The show was a reboot of "Hawaii Five-0," which aired on CBS from 1968 to 1980. The clip of "Hawaii Five-0" shown in the video is from an episode about "the team discover(ing) a Russian spy ring hiding on Oahu, Hawaii … when one of their submarines appears off the coast," according to IMDB.Ī total of 240 episodes of "Hawaii Five-0" aired on CBS from 2010 to 2020 before it was canceled. Video shows footage from television show 'Hawaii Five-0' Indo-Pacific Command hasn't made any statements about a Russian submarine being sighted near Hawaii. The video is a five-minute clip from an episode of "Hawaii Five-0," specifically Episode 25 of Season 8, "Waiho Wale Kahiko." It first aired on May 18, 2018, on CBS. The video was viewed more than 1.7 million times and shared more than 600 times in two weeks.įollow us on Facebook! Like our page to get updates throughout the day on our latest debunks Our rating: False "Russia's most advanced nuclear submarine is suddenly floating in the Hawaiian Sea," reads the video's caption. 26 Facebook video claims it shows a Russian submarine surfacing off the coast of Hawaii. Watch Video: Hawaii volcano roars back to life with waves of lava The claim: Video shows Russian nuclear submarine 'suddenly floating' near Hawaii That’s the type of rounds we’re looking at now. They can become plugged with clothing, or other debris, and then they will act just like a normal ball round.Īll of this means that we need to pick the heaviest hollow point bullet that reliably expands to the widest diameter we can achieve, while still penetrating between 12-18 inches in ballistics gel. Some hollow points will not expand when shot. We also need to consider how reliable the hollow point round is. More penetration is not better, as shooting through a person only endangers other people, and does not increase stopping power. This insures that a bullet will enter the body deep enough to damage vital organs. The FBI protocol for ballistics gel testing requires that a round penetrate between 12-18 inches of ballistic gel. It has a lot of energy and mass, but it doesn’t penetrate very well. This is why birdshot in a shotgun isn’t a good home defense round. We know that we should use the heaviest handgun round we can find, but it must penetrate deep enough to affect the bodies vital organs. Lastly, we need to discuss what the bullet does once it strikes a person. I bet you thought 9mm vs 40 was going to be a little simpler than this! At a certain point you just can’t hold onto a round that is that powerful. You’ll find that increasing velocity directly increases recoil. Because momentum is conserved, the amount of force exiting the front of the pistol is equal to that going into your hand. You would also have to increase the amount of energy you put into the bullet to accelerate it to that speed. Moreover, that temporary cavity would have to do more damage than the permanent wound channel caused by the bigger slower bullet. If you were able to accelerate the bullet fast enough to create a temporary cavity, you might be on to something. Given this, we should go for the faster lighter bullet right? This means that if you double velocity you quadruple kinetic energy, where as if you double the mass of the bullet you only double the energy. Those of you who remember high school physics might recall the equation for kinetic energy equals one half times the mass, multiplied by the velocity squared. Here is a shot of the temporary cavity from a high velocity rifle cartridge. We can’t accelerate pistol rounds fast enough to do so. The only reason to accelerate a bullet faster is to try and create a temporary cavity. We need to choose a heavier bullet because more of the energy from the bullet will be transferred to the target effectively. This is an important factor why rifle rounds work better than pistol rounds. Sure, there is a temporary cavity for both 9mm and 40 cal bullets, but it’s a paltry thing compared to that from a high speed rifle round. Only rifles can create a significant temporary cavity, because the bullet must be traveling at a much higher velocity to develop the required pressure wave. The second way is by creating a temporary cavity using a high pressure wave behind the bullet. The first way is mechanical crushing damage of the bullet displacing tissue. This is because there are two ways a bullet actually damages a person. It certainly isn’t as widely used as 5.56mm, and as a result, most agencies would never consider adopting that caliber, even though it’s arguably one of the best.Īs a good rule of thumb, you should seek to shoot the heaviest handgun bullet weight for your chosen caliber. If you’ve read my article reviewing my POF Renegade Plus in 300 Blackout, you’ll know what a great caliber that cartridge is. The 300 Blackout is a perfect example of this. There are amazing calibers that no department will issue due to logistical considerations. They have budgetary considerations that we may or may not have, and they have to be able to purchase large quantities of guns, gun parts, and bullets for training. However, in recent years, law enforcement agencies have started to transition from the 40 s&w back to the 9mm cartridge. It’s important to keep in mind that police departments, and federal agencies, have more considerations in selecting their bullets and guns than we do. This is a very common question, and I think we should certainly use their decisions as a metric to keep an eye on. Should We Pick The Caliber That Law Enforcement Agencies Use? |
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